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Free Will
The physiologist Benjamin Libet famously demonstrated that activity in the brain's motor regions can be detected some 300 milliseconds before a person feels that he has decided to move.Another lab recently used fMRI data to show that some "conscious" decisions can be predicted up to 10 seconds before they enter awareness (long before the preparatory motor activity detected by Libet).Clearly, findings of this kind are difficult to reconcile with the sense that one is the conscious source of one's actions.The question of free will is no mere curio of philosophy seminars.A belief in free will underwrites both the religious notion of "sin" and our enduring commitment to retributive justice.The Supreme Court has called free will a "universal and persistent" foundation for our system of law.Any scientific developments that threatened our notion of free will would seem to put the ethics of punishing people for their bad behaviour in question.In Free Will Harris debates these ideas and asks whether or not, given what brain science is telling us, we actually have free will?
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Free Will: The Basics
The issue of whether humans are free to make their own decisions has long been debated, and it continues to be controversial today.In Free Will: The Basics Meghan Griffith provides a clear and accessible introduction to this important but challenging philosophical problem.She addresses the questions central to the topic including: Does free will exist, or is it illusory?Can we be free even if everything is determined by a chain of causes?If our actions are not determined, does this mean they are just random or a matter of luck?In order to have the kind of freedom required for moral responsibility, must we have alternatives?What can recent developments in science tell us about the existence of free will?These questions are discussed without prejudicing one view over others, and all technical terminology is clearly explained. This second edition has been revised and updated throughout, with the addition of new sections on dispositionalism, free will as self-organization, and situationism in psychology.Up-to-date suggestions for further reading and a glossary are also included, making Free Will: The Basics an ideal introduction for anyone coming to the subject for the first time.
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Erasmus and Luther: The Battle over Free Will : The Battle Over Free Will
This compilation of writings from Erasmus and Luther's great debate--over free will and grace, and their respective efficacy for salvation--offers a fuller representation of the disputants' main arguments than has ever been available in a single volume in English.Included are key, corresponding selections from not only Erasmus' conciliatory A Discussion or Discourse concerning Free Will and Luther's forceful and fully argued rebuttal, but--with the battle now joined--from Erasmus' own forceful and fully argued rebuttal of Luther.Students of Reformation theology, Christian humanism, and sixteenth-century rhetoric will find here the key to a wider appreciation of one of early modern Christianity’s most illuminating and disputed controversies.
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Just Deserts : Debating Free Will
The concept of free will is profoundly important to our self-understanding, our interpersonal relationships, and our moral and legal practices.If it turns out that no one is ever free and morally responsible, what would that mean for society, morality, meaning, and the law?Just Deserts brings together two philosophers – Daniel C.Dennett and Gregg D. Caruso – to debate their respective views on free will, moral responsibility, and legal punishment.In three extended conversations, Dennett and Caruso present their arguments for and against the existence of free will and debate their implications.Dennett argues that the kind of free will required for moral responsibility is compatible with determinism – for him, self-control is key; we are not responsible for becoming responsible, but are responsible for staying responsible, for keeping would-be puppeteers at bay.Caruso takes the opposite view, arguing that who we are and what we do is ultimately the result of factors beyond our control, and because of this we are never morally responsible for our actions in the sense that would make us truly deserving of blame and praise, punishment and reward. Just Deserts introduces the concepts central to the debate about free will and moral responsibility by way of an entertaining, rigorous, and sometimes heated philosophical dialogue between two leading thinkers.
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What is free will?
Free will is the ability of individuals to make choices and decisions of their own accord, without being constrained by external factors such as fate or determinism. It is the power to act independently and choose one's own path, based on personal beliefs, values, and desires. Free will is often seen as a fundamental aspect of human nature, allowing individuals to take responsibility for their actions and shape their own lives.
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Is there free will?
The question of whether free will exists is a complex and debated topic. Some argue that free will is an illusion, as our actions are determined by factors such as genetics, environment, and past experiences. Others believe that we have the ability to make choices independent of these influences. Ultimately, the answer to whether free will exists may depend on one's philosophical, religious, or scientific beliefs.
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Does free will exist?
The question of whether free will exists is a complex and debated topic. Some argue that free will is an illusion and that our actions are determined by factors such as genetics, environment, and past experiences. Others believe that we have the ability to make choices independent of these influences. Ultimately, the existence of free will may depend on one's philosophical, religious, and scientific beliefs. While there is no definitive answer, the debate surrounding free will continues to be a thought-provoking and important discussion.
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Where does free will begin?
Free will begins when an individual is faced with a choice or decision and has the ability to make a conscious decision based on their own thoughts, beliefs, and desires. It is the moment when one can exercise their autonomy and make a decision that is not predetermined by external factors. Free will is often seen as the ability to act independently and make choices that are not solely determined by genetics, environment, or past experiences.
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Free Will : A Contemporary Introduction
As an advanced introduction to the challenging topic of free will, this book is designed for upper-level undergraduates interested in a comprehensive first-stop into the field’s issues and debates.It is written by two of the leading participants in those debates—a compatibilist on the issue of free will and determinism (Michael McKenna) and an incompatibilist (Derk Pereboom).These two authors achieve an admirable objectivity and clarity while still illuminating the field’s complexity and key advances.Each chapter is structured to work as one week’s primary reading in a course on free will, while more advanced courses can dip into the annotated further readings, suggested at the end of each chapter.A comprehensive bibliography as well as detailed subject and author indexes are included at the back of the book.
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Why Free Will Is Real
A crystal-clear, scientifically rigorous argument for the existence of free will, challenging what many scientists and scientifically minded philosophers believe. Philosophers have argued about the nature and the very existence of free will for centuries.Today, many scientists and scientifically minded commentators are skeptical that it exists, especially when it is understood to require the ability to choose between alternative possibilities.If the laws of physics govern everything that happens, they argue, then how can our choices be free?Believers in free will must be misled by habit, sentiment, or religious doctrine.Why Free Will Is Real defies scientific orthodoxy and presents a bold new defense of free will in the same naturalistic terms that are usually deployed against it. Unlike those who defend free will by giving up the idea that it requires alternative possibilities to choose from, Christian List retains this idea as central, resisting the tendency to defend free will by watering it down.He concedes that free will and its prerequisites—intentional agency, alternative possibilities, and causal control over our actions—cannot be found among the fundamental physical features of the natural world.But, he argues, that’s not where we should be looking.Free will is a “higher-level” phenomenon found at the level of psychology.It is like other phenomena that emerge from physical processes but are autonomous from them and not best understood in fundamental physical terms—like an ecosystem or the economy.When we discover it in its proper context, acknowledging that free will is real is not just scientifically respectable; it is indispensable for explaining our world.
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Free Will and Human Life
Does free will exist? Does it require an immaterial soul? Is there a scientific basis for it? These are among the many questions addressed in this book.The Introduction defines free will as the independent ability to make conscious decisions that are neither predetermined nor random.Chapter 1 evaluates representative arguments against free will: theological predeterminism (Augustine's later writings, Luther, and Calvin), scientific causal predeterminism (universal natural determinism), ad hoc (genetic or environmental) determinism, and compatibilism/soft determinism (the view that free will and determinism are compatible).Chapter 2 examines representative arguments in favor of free will: Aristotle, modern dualism (Descartes, Kant, and recent Christianity), and contemporary philosophical and scientific perspectives (including evolution/natural selection, neuroscience, quantum physics, and neuroplasticity).Chapter 3 (which also discusses chaos theory, complexity theory, and secular biological teleology) concludes that free will, properly understood, exists and is beneficial to human life.
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Four Views on Free Will
A lively and engaging debate between four representative views on free will, completely revised and updated with new perspectives Four Views on Free Will is a robust and careful debate about free will, how it interacts with determinism and indeterminism, and whether we have it or not.Providing the most up-to-date account of four major positions in the free will debate, the second edition of this classic text presents the opposing perspectives of renowned philosophers John Martin Fischer, Robert Kane, Derk Pereboom, and Manuel Vargas.Substantially revised throughout, this new volume contains eight in-depth chapters, almost entirely rewritten for the new edition, in which the authors state their different positions on the debate, offer insights into how their views have evolved over the past fifteen years, respond to recent critical literature in the field, and interact and engage with each other in dialogue.In the first four chapters the authors defend their distinctive views about free will: libertarianism, compatibilism, hard incompatibilism, and revisionism.The subsequent four chapters consist of direct replies by each of the authors to the other three.Offering a one-of-a-kind interactive conversation about the most recent work on the subject, Four Views on Free Will, Second Edition provides a balanced and enlightening discussion on all the key concepts and conflicts in the free will debate.Part of the acclaimed Great Debates in Philosophy series, it remains essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students, lecturers and scholars in philosophy, ethics, free will, philosophy of mind, political philosophy, law, and related subjects.
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Do animals have free will?
Animals do not have the same level of free will as humans. While animals can make choices and exhibit behaviors that may appear to be based on personal preferences or desires, their actions are largely driven by instinct, learned behaviors, and environmental factors. Animals do not have the same capacity for self-awareness, rational thought, and moral reasoning that humans do, which are key components of free will.
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Do angels have free will?
The concept of angels having free will is a matter of theological interpretation and belief. In some religious traditions, angels are seen as beings created by God to serve and carry out His will without the ability to choose otherwise, thus not having free will. However, in other traditions, angels are believed to have been given the ability to make choices and exercise free will, although their nature is generally understood to incline them towards obedience to God. Ultimately, the question of whether angels have free will is a matter of faith and interpretation within different religious beliefs.
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Will FIFA 23 be free?
As of now, there is no official confirmation from FIFA or EA Sports regarding FIFA 23 being free. Typically, FIFA games are not free and are sold as a premium product. It is likely that FIFA 23 will follow the same model of being a paid game upon release. However, there may be free-to-play modes or trial versions available for players to experience the game before purchasing.
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Is free will an invention?
Free will is not an invention, but rather a concept that has been debated and discussed for centuries. The idea of free will is deeply rooted in philosophical and religious traditions, and has been a central topic in the study of human behavior and decision-making. While the concept of free will may be shaped by cultural and historical influences, it is ultimately a fundamental aspect of human consciousness and agency. Therefore, it is not an invention, but rather a complex and enduring concept that continues to be explored and understood in various fields of study.
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